CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 216)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
II INCORPORATION AND POWERS
ncorporation of Consumer Council
unctions of Council
owers of Council
embership of Council
eetings of Council
ommittees
isclosure of member's interest
Appointment of staff and advisers
Documents of Council
III FINANCIAL
Resources of Council
Borrowing powers
Investment of funds
Estimates
Accounts, audit and annual report
IV GENERAL
Council not servant or agent of Crown
Governor may give directions
Protection of members of Council and committees
Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for
advertisement
oses
Transitional provisions
dule
Whole document
ncorporate the Consumer Council, to define its functions and
powers,
egative personal liability of members and employees for the
Council's
ts committees' acts or omissions, and for connected purposes.
July 1977] L. N. 167 of 1977
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Consumer Council Ordinance.
nterpretation
his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
ncil" means the Consumer Council incorporated by section 3 (1);
ancial year" means each period of 12 months ending with 31 March;
ber" means a member of the Council.
PART II INCORPORATION AND POWERS
ncorporation of Consumer Council
The Consumer Council existing at the commencement of this
Ordinance is
by created a body corporate consisting of the persons who from
time to
hold office as members of the Council.
The Council shall have perpetual succession and a common
seal and
l be capable of suing and being sued and of doing and suffering
all
other acts and things as bodies corporate may lawfully do and
suffer.
The Council shall continue to be known in the Chinese language
as.
unctions of Council
The functions of the Council are to protect and promote the
interests
onsumers of goods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and
lessees
mmovable property by--
collecting, receiving and disseminating
rmation concerning goods, services and immovable property;
receiving and examining complaints by and giving advice to
consumers
oods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and lessees of
immovable
erty;
taking such action as it thinks justified by information
in its
ession, including tendering advice to the Government or to any
public
cer;
encouraging business and professional associations to
blish codes of practice to regulate the activities of their
members;
undertaking such other functions as the Council may adopt
with the
r approval of the Governor in Council.
The Governor may be notice in writing to the Council
declare any
s, services or immovable property or class of goods,
services or
vable property to be outside the scope of the Council's
functions
r subsection (1).
In subsection (1) and in section 5 (2) (c) "goods and services"
does
include goods and services which are--
supplied by--
the Government, the Urban Council or the Regional Council; or
(Amended
f 1985 s. 60)
a body mentioned in the Schedule; or
made the subject of a declaration under subsection (2).
The Governor in Council may, by order published in the Gazette,
amend
Schedule. (Amended 5 of 1992 s. 2)
owers of Council
The Council may do such things as are reasonably necessary to
enable
o carry out its functions.
Without restricting the generality of subsection (1), the Council
may
arrying out its functions--
acquire, hold and dispose of all kinds of property
movable and
vable and in any manner which it thinks fit;
enter into any contract;
undertake the testing and examination of goods and
services and
ection of immovable property; (Amended 5 of 1992s. 3)
produce or distribute, by way of sale or otherwise, any
publication
h is of interest to consumers;
do any thing which it may do under this ordinance in
association or
peration with any other person or sponsor any other person to do
that
g;
charge for the use of any facility or service provided by the
Council;
with the prior approval of the Governor, become a member
of or
liate to any international body concerned with consumer matters.
embership of Council
The Council shall consist of the following members--
a Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a
term not
eding 2 years;
a Vice-Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a term
not
eding 2 years; and (Replaced 28 of 1985 s. 2)
not more than 20 other persons each of whom shall be appointed
by the
rnor for a term not exceeding 2 years. (Replaced 28 of 1989 s.
2)
The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member
appointed under
ection (1) (c) may be reappointed upon expiry of their
respective
s of office. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member
appointed under
ection (1) (c) may at any time-- (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
resign his office by notice to the Governor; or
be removed therefrom by the Governor for permanent incapacity or
other
icient cause, and upon such resignation or removal the term for
which
as appointed shall be deemed to have expired.
Where the Chairman, Vice-Chairman or any other member appointed
under
ection (1) (c) is precluded by temporary incapacity or other
cause
exercising his functions as such for any period the
Governor may
int another person to act in place of the Chairman Vice-
Chairman or
r member during such period with all such rights, powers,
duties or
ilities as if he had been appointed under subsection (1). (Amended
28
985s. 2)
(Replaced 28 of 1985s. 2)
Where any question arises under subsection (3) or (4) as to
whether
incapacity or cause exists or whether any incapacity is
temporary or
anent or any cause sufficient, the decision of the Governor
thereon
l be final.
eetings of Council
Meetings of the Council shall be held at such times and places
as the
cil, the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman may from
time
ime appoint.
The following procedural provisions shall apply to
y meeting of the Council and subject thereto the Council may
regulate
own procedure--
at meetings of the Council 11 members shall form a quorum;
(Replaced
f 1989 s. 3. Amended 5 of 1992 s. 4)
the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman shall preside
or, if
are absent or disqualified under section 9 (c), the members
present
l appoint one of their number to preside;
every question shall be determined by a majority of votes
of the
ers present and voting thereon;
in the event of an equality of votes the member presiding shall
have a
ing vote in addition to his ordinary vote.
nded 28 of 1985 s. 3)
ommittees
The Council may appoint committees and may delegate to
them the
cise and performance of any of its powers and functions except
this
r of delegation.
Persons who are not members of the Council are
ible for appointment to committees.
Subject to the terms of any delegation by the
Council, every
ittee--
may exercise and perform the delegated powers and functions
the same effect as if it were the Council itself;
shall be presumed to be acting in accordance with the terms of
the
gation in the absence of proof to the contrary;
may regulate its own procedure.
isclosure of member's interest
member of the Council, or of any committee of the Council,
has a
ct or indirect commercial interest in any matter under discussion
at a
ing of the Council or of the committee, being an interest greater
than
which he has as a member of the general public, the
following
isions shall apply--
he shall disclose the nature of his interest at the meeting;
the disclosure shall be recorded in the minutes;
where the disclosure is made by the member presiding, he shall
vacate
chair during the discussion;
the member (including one who has vacated the chair under
paragraph
shall, if so required by the member presiding, withdraw
from the
ing during the discussion and shall not in any case,
except as
rwise determined by the member presiding, vote on any
resolution
erning the matter or be counted for the purpose of establishing
the
tence of a quorum.
Appointment of staff and advisers
Subject to subsection (4), the Council shall appoint a person to
hold
office of Chief Executive. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 4)
The Council may appoint such other employees as it thinks
fit and
ect to subsection (4), determine all matters relating
to their
neratior and terms and conditions of appointment or employment.
The Council may engage the services of technical and
professional
sers in such manner and on such terms and conditions as it thinks
fit.
The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Governor to--
any appointment proposed to be made under subsection (1) and the
terms
conditions thereof;
the suspension or dismissal of the Chief Executive;
the salary or salary scale (including allowances and other
pecuniary
fits) and conditions of employment applicable to the Chief
Executive
every other employee or class employee, and any variation
thereof.
nded 28 of 1985 s. 4)
No person shall be employed by the Council otherwise than on the
salar
alary scale or on the conditions of employment applicable to that
pers
oved by the Governor under subsection (4).
Documents of Council
The Council may make and execute all such documents as may
expedient
or conducive to the exercise and performance of its power
functions
duties.
The fixing of the seal of the Council to any document
l--
be authorized by resolution of the Council; and
be authenticated by the signatures of any 2 members
authorize by
lution of the Council, either generally or specially, to ao for
that
ose.
Any document purporting to be duly executed under the seal
of the
cil shall, unless the contrary is proved, be considered to be
duly
uted.
Any contract or instrument which if entered into or executed
by a
on not being a body corporate would not be required to be in the
form
deed may be entered into or executed on behalf of the Council by
any
on generally or specially authorized by the Council for that
purpose.
PART III FINANCIAL
Resources of Council
The Governor may, out of money appropriated for the purpose
by the
slative Council, authorize payment to the Consumer Council
of such
nts as he thinks fit.
The resources of the Council shall consist
all money received by the Council pursuant to subsection (1);
money paid to the Council by way of donations, fees,
subscriptions,
and interest;
all other money and property, including accumulations of
income,
ived by the Council for its purposes.
Borrowing powers
Council may, with the approval of the Financial Secretary,
borrow or
rwise raise money and charge all or any part of its
property as
rity therefor.
Investment of funds
money of the Council that is not immediately required
shall be
sted--
on fixed deposit in any bank or savings bank approved by the
ncial Secretary, either generally or in any particular case, for
the
ose; or
in such other forms of investment as the Financial
Secretary may
ove.
Estimates
Council shall in each financial year adopt estimates of
income and
nditure for the ensuing financial year and, before a date
to be
inted by the Financial Secretary, send them to the Governor for
his
oval together with a programme of its proposed activities
for the
ing financial year.
Accounts, audit and annual report
The Council shall keep proper accounts and proper records in
relation
eto and shall within 3 months after the expiry of a financial year,
or
further period as the Financial Secretary may allow,
prepare a
ement of the accounts of the Council, which statement shall
include an
me and expenditure account and a balance sheet.
The Council
l, subject to subsection (3), appoint an auditor, who
shall be
tled to have access at any time to all books of account, vouchers
and
r financial records of the Council and to require such information
and
anations relating thereto as he thinks fit.
The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Financial
Secretary
ny appointment proposed to be made under subsection (2).
The auditor shall, as soon as is practicable, audit the
accounts
ired by subsection (1) and shall submit a report thereon
to the
cil.
The Council shall within 3 months after the receipt by it
of the
tor's report in respect of its accounts for a financial
year, or
in such further period as the Financial Secretary may allow,
furnish--
a report on the affairs of the Council for that year;
a copy of its accounts therefor; and
the auditor's report on the accounts, to the Governor who shall
cause
same to be tabled in the Legislative Council.
PART IV GENERAL
Council not servant or agent of Crown
Council is not a servant or agent of the Crown and does not enjoy
any
us, immunity or privilege of the Crown.
Governor may give directions
The Governor may, if he considers that the public
interest so
ires, give to the Council such directions as he thinks
fit with
ect to the exercise and performance by the Council of its
powers,
tions and duties under this Ordinance, either generally or
in any
icular case.
The Council shall comply with any direction given to
it under
ection (1).
Protection of members of Council and committees
No member or employee of the Council or of any committee
of the
cil shall be personally liable for any act done or default made--
by the Council; or
by any committee of the Council, acting in good faith in the course
of
operations of the Council or of the committee.
The protection hereby conferred on members and employees
of the
cil or of a committee in respect of any act or default shall not
in
way affect any liability of the Council for that act or default.
Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for
advertisement
oses
No person shall, with a view to promoting or disparaging any
s, services or immovable property or promoting the image
of any
on, publish or cause to be published any advertisement which
either
essly or by implication makes reference to--
the Council;
any committee, member, agent or employee of the Council;
the Council's publication or finding of tests or surveys
conducted by
n behalf of the Council; or
any other information published by the Council, without
written
ent of the Council.
Any person who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence
and is
le to a fine of $ 100,000.
For the purpose of subsection (1) "advertisement" may be
constituted
ny words, whether written or spoken, or any picture, drawing,
visual
e, figure or article--
appearing in any publication; or
brought to the notice of the public or any section of the public
in
other way. (Replaced 5 of 1992 s. 5)
Transitional provisions
All property of whatever kind and whether movable or immovable
vested
r belonging to the Consumer Council existing at the
commencement of
Ordinance shall as from that date vest in or belong to that
Council
ts corporate capacity without any further assurance.
All obligations and liabilities of the said Consumer Council
are as
the commencement of this Ordinance the obligations and
liabilities of
Council in its corporate capacity.
Where anything has been commenced by or under the authority
of the
Consumer Council before the commencement of this Ordinance such
thing
be carried on any completed by the Council in its corporate
capacity.
Every person who immediately before the commencement of this
Ordinance
s an appointment as Chairman, Executive Director or a member of
the
Consumer Council is, as from such commencement but subject to
the
s of his appointment, the Chairman, Executive Director, or a
member of
Council, as the case may be, for the purposes of this Ordinance.
Notwithstanding the definition of "financial year" in section
2 the
od between the commencement of this Ordinance and 31 March 1978
shall
eemed to be a financial year.
No stamp duty shall be payable in respect of any transfer of
property
r this section.
SCHEDULE
Television Limited
a Light and Power Company, Limited
a Motor Bus Company, Limited
Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company, Limited
Marketing Organization
Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited
Hong Kong and Yaumati Ferry Company Limited
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最高人民法院对北京市人民法院1949年审判工作总结和该院组织机构及工作概况报告的批示
最高人民法院
最高人民法院对北京市人民法院1949年审判工作总结和该院组织机构及工作概况报告的批示
最高人民法院
北京市人民法院:
你院七个月以来审判工作的总结报告,经本院各部门转辗传阅,故未早复。接到你们的这份总结报告后,后来又在《新建设》上看到你院王斐然院长在北大法学院所作的演讲稿“北京市人民法院组织机构和工作概况”,两者作比较来看,在关于“审判工作的特点”和“审判工作的两个
基本认识”上无论是政策观点和对问题的提法,讲演稿比之所总结较为恰当。例如原总结“两个基本认识”中引证了毛主席论人民民主专政关于“人民犯了法……”一段话随即解释为“人民犯法不是阶级本质,而是受了反动派的影响……”,这显然是不够慎重的。而在讲演稿中则有了改正
,这种改正是完全必要的、正确的。因此,我们基本上同意讲演稿中对原总结所作的一切修正。望将原总结重加整理后,即可为你院内部业务学习材料。现就讲演稿中的个别问题提出两点意见,请参照原总结加以考虑:
第一,关于审判中的民主。讲演稿提到“有些司法人员把‘民主’错认了,以为审判也应该民主,一切须由审判员与当事人协商。”自然,那种在审判中滥用民主的现象是应该反对、纠正的。但如果因此就承认我们“审判也应该民主”,同样也是不适当的。因为一切为着人民利益的观
点,全心全意为人民服务的作风和群众路线的工作方法,贯彻在我们全部审判活动,你们也是这样做了的。所有这些充分地表明着我们法院的民主的性质。所谓审判的强制性,也是民主的集中表现,这也就是我们在审判活动中应该提倡的有领导的民主。
第二,关于判决的执行。讲演稿提到“若在执行时发现判决不妥当处,应该从改正判决着手,而不应使执行打折扣。”发现错误,勇于改正错误,这是对人民负责的态度,也就是我们审判活动中的民主的特色。但“应该从改正判决着手”这句话,似嫌笼统。判决执行是审判的最后结果
,这种结果是向诉讼当事人甚至向社会公布宣布了的,那么,如在执行中判决失当而需要改正,这从我们政治责任上说是一件十分慎重的工作,因此,改正判决的过程,也就是我们自我批评检查工作的过程。但应该指出在这种执行时,发现判决失当,必须依照一定的条件经过很慎重的程序
,才可以改正原判,否则将会另外发生轻率改判,丧失审判应有的严肃性的种种流弊。关于这种改动原判决的条件和程序,在目前还没有诉讼法做根据的时候,我们认为如发现判决失当,原审机关的责任是迅速报告上级审判机关,在未获上级指示前,不能擅自进行修改原判的工作,这不但
是个技术问题,而是政治责任问题,必须加以严格的区别。
附:北京市人民法院组织机构和工作概况——北京市人民法院王斐然院长在国立北京大学法学院所作的报告
一、组织机构
(一)概况
北京市人民法院的组织机构分两大工作单位,一个是审判委员会,一个是秘书处。
审判委员会设办公室,下分两个组:一是民事组,下分十一个庭;二是刑事组,下分十个庭。各庭案件在审判前须送组审查,再经由办公室主任秘书核送院长兼审判长作最后决定。院长对一般简单案件,只能审阅判决书(原本),对重大案件,也必须详阅全卷,有时对判决书加以修正
,有时则提出意见,发回另作。最近由审判委员会决议:加强“组”的责任,如“组”认为无问题,即可判决宣判,如认为有问题,始送办公室。重大问题得开审判委员会讨论。如此分层负责,可以缩短办案时间,更可培养与提高干部的能力。
审判委员会下更设:(1)调查组,负责案件的实际调查,如即深入民间查访;(2)执行科,下设有①执行排,有排长、政治干事、执行员等,执行过去法警、执达员,庭丁等的职务;②赃证物库;③检验室;④法医;(3)代书处;(4)问事处。
秘书处下面分:(1)干部科,(2)总务科,(3)文书科。
(二)干部情况
现有干部188人,内留用者108人,新参加者28人,自老解放区来的52人(其中10人为学生,有北大同学4人)。
接管时对人员的留用规定相当严格,旧推、检不经改造一律不用,书记官以下得在原岗位学习,旧法警、看守员等不用。旧推、检中虽有洁身自好的人,但由于多年来为反动的统治阶级服务,其观点、立场、作风均须彻底改造。并且立即留用他们,也必引起人民的怀疑和不满。
审判干部的名称,现在不用“推事”,而用“审判员”。能胜任愉快担任审判工作者不多,所以分为三类:(1)审判员,(2)代理审判员,(3)学习审判员。这样可以广开门路,在实践中培养出一批干部来。三类审判员都可在判决书上署名(谁判的案子即写谁的名字),但对外
负责,则是审判委员会的事情。从前的“书记官”现改称为“助审员”因为就其工作职务而言,叫“助审员”觉名实相称,而且可以加强其责任心,逐渐提为“审判员”。老解放区“审判员”多从录事、书记员等提拔起来的。
各区前有司法科,现虽无此名称,但各区仍作调解工作,凡经区调解未解决的案件,经判决后由法院将判决书正本送区参考。他们在工作中,也经常向法院要主意,法院对区的调解工作,有指导关系。
(三)组织上的特点
1.加强了宣传教育与研究工作。使人民了解法律、掌握法律、运用法律。
2.加强了干部工作。在过去这一段,工作的重点放在了对留用人员之学习与思想改造上。绝大多数的留用人员,经过学习、检讨、鉴定、评级评薪,由“试用”而“留用”而成了正式受委任的工作人员了。
3.集体领导。用会议解决问题,特别是对判决加以修改,旧司法人员由于有所谓“独立”的思想,起而极感不便,甚至很不乐意,现在因为认识的提高,则已逐渐习惯。
二、工作概况
(一)简要统计
1.审判案件:从3月18日到10月底止,民事案接管141件,新收5110件,已结3114件,未结2137件。刑事案接管497件,新收8451件,已结7968件,未结1980件。共计接管638件,新收13561件,已结11082件,未结4117件。
2.相验案件:从3月18日到10月底止,验尸621件,尸体649具,验伤341件。
3.执行排工作:从3月18日到10月底止,送达传票共26289件,从5月12日至10月底止,民事执行案件共收297件,已结161件;刑事执行案件共收1468件(人犯2155名),已执行1433件(2015名)。
4.问事处询问事件,从4月到10月共3853件。
5.代书处代书诉状:从3月18日到10月底共计民事1063件,刑事303件,共计1366件。
6.宣传报导工作:自3月19日到10月底止共发新闻107件(内报导31件,判决68件,司法动态8件);从9月到10月底共广播6次。
7.看守所:自接管到现在共经手过人犯7494人,现押人犯1998人。
(二)工作改造
1.代书处:使人民直接与法院发生联系,不再受讼棍恶徒的敲诈剥削。代书写状不收费,完全是为人民服务。
2.问事处:也是使人民能直接和法院发生关系,好象医院的门诊部。若是工作做得好,这里就可以解决许多纠纷,不必再进行诉讼。对宣传解释政策法令,也起着相当作用。例如关于房屋租赁问题,问事处把军管会关于房屋问题的布告大字写出张贴起来,对问事的人,详加解释说明
,人们的认识,很快趋于正确,心情也安定下来。
3.执行排:过去法庭、执行员、庭丁等都为非作恶,直接欺侮人民。现在旧人大部裁去,先从原有工役中选择少数可靠的组成执行排,施以教育,后更从老解放区学校中调来数十名受过训炼的荣军同志,分别充任看守所的看守员和执行员。过去许多工作制度,例如带差讨保,是为贪
污敲诈造机会的,现在交保多请保人直接到法院来,更尽量减少形式主义(可有可无)的具保。
4.刑事组:现行值日制度,使当事人可与审判员当天见面,而把案件尽速解决。
5.集体审判:把法庭变作讲坛,通过这一方式,使政策、法令更易为人民大家所了解。
6.巡回审判:由审判员去就地审判案件,一则容易进行调查研究,再则更可节省民力。
7.大胆负责:例如赃证物库从前无人敢负责管理,致存物糟糙,如面粉有霉硬成块的,自行车带有一触即破的。现在我们对旧存赃证物分期清理,解缴市库,而对于新案,则尽可能用其他方法来避免收存实物。
(附)看守所的改进
看守所现在是法院的组成部分,与刑事组密切结合。它对被押人有了解情况供给审判员和施以初步教育的任务。看守员经常和被押人谈话,观察他们的思想行动,荣军充任看守员更起着带头作用。
短期徒刑是否必须用监狱执行,或是可以就在看守所执行,实是一个值得研究的问题。例如三个月的短期徒刑,已在看守所拘押了二个月,是否必须移送监狱?
看守所现在工作重心,是对于“惯窃”的改造。东北哈尔滨法院对惯窃问题曾加详细研究,认为他们是畸形社会所造成的,而具有下列特点:(1)无劳动习惯和生产技术;(2)有偷盗技能;(3)生活腐化;(4)意识无赖(他们常说“监狱是家、窑子是妈”);(5)人生观是
“无期官司零碎打”(作案时准备坐监,在监时准备出去偷窃)。对于他们应该施以至少一年以上的改造教育。短期拘禁,对他们本身,对于社会人民,都是不负责任的。
现在采用了出外集体劳动的办法,有的更准许他们讨保具结,“回家执行”就是晚上回家住宿,白天到所吃饭,外出集体劳动生产,但所参加学习、检讨会。集体劳动可收相互督促竞赛,共同改造思想的效果。现在我们对惯窃的判刑,在一年以上(不超过二年)。这办法似乎只是治标
,因为只有发展生产,才是治本的办法,但是把一些惯窃,关起来进行劳动生产,这对于治本(发展生产)就是有帮助的。而且把一些惯窃培养出劳动习惯与生产能力,这就是治本办法之一。所以在这个问题上,治标治本是一致的,只谈治本而用短期徒刑,不负责对惯窃进行彻底有效的改
造是不妥当的。
看守所现在的主要缺点是:(1)房屋不够用,(2)干部思想不明确,对押犯也有讲“民主”,(3)对被押人犯的分析工作作得不够。今后的改进应该是:(1)扩充建筑,主要是加添生产设备,(2)另设短期徒刑执行部,(3)所内设立就审法庭,(4)加强对于犯人的控制
,应增加照相、指纹等工作;(5)加强研究工作,如统计工作等。
现在看守所的组织,设所长、副所长,下分总务、管教、生产等三课;和秘书、医务二室。
略谈审判工作
一、现在审判工作的特点
1.保护国家独立自主:否定了帝国主义过去的特权,经我们审判过的,有外侨为当事人的案件,他们一律须服从我国法律。现在大城市一解放,外侨众多,过去正是帝国主义行使特权的地方,所以对于外侨案件更须注意。在处理每一案件中,我们应该把帝国主义和帝国主义国家的人
民区别开来,更应该把守法的外侨和非法分子区别开来;制裁非法分子,正是要争取其他外侨,使每个外侨都服从我国的法律。我们决不是排外。所以在处理案件时,必须冷静慎重,防止盲目的左倾情绪滋生。
2.掌握政策:现在成文法还不多,审判时主要靠掌握政策。我们应该根据总的路线、纲领、政策、布告、决议等。当我们初进城市,有人有“无法可司”之感,但是只要我们能够掌握政策,必为人民所拥护,因为我们的政策是符合广大人民的最高利益的。我们更须与政府的中心工作
相结合相配合,如镇压匪特、稳定金融、制裁恶霸、取缔奸商等。都是密切与政府结合、配合而进行的。
3.为人民服务:这里应该特别注意于工作方法上如何便利人民,例如问事处,代书处,巡回审判,看守所,执行排的工作。
4.积极主动:我们不仅做审判工作,我们更重视秘书处的宣传教育工作,这两方面是相互配合的。在审判时我们应该和各部门主动地取得联系,例如劳资、房屋、婚姻……等案件便与各有关部门互相商讨。我们不只坐在办公室里,而应该深入民间去查访。判决内容不只限于刑罚或赔
偿,也可以表扬,以及认错,道歉、赔礼等等。我们着重于问题的解决,而不专重形式。有的案件的判决书用大字书写张贴出去,更可收宣传教育的效果。
二、在审判工作中应加强两个认识
审判工作需要两个基本认识:(一)法庭究竟是什么?(二)在审判中究竟如何掌握政策?
(一)法庭是统治阶级统治敌对阶级的工具,此理人皆知之,但在实际工作中却会有偏差。毛主席在《论人民民主专政》一文内曾说过:“人民是什么?在中国,在现阶段,是工人阶级,农民阶级,小资产阶级和民族资产阶级。这些阶级在工人阶级及共产党的领导下,团结起来,组成
自己的国家,选举自己的政府,向着帝国主义的走狗即地主阶级和官僚资产阶级以及代表这些阶级的国民党反动派及其帮凶们,实行独裁,压迫这些人,只许他们规规矩矩,不许他们乱说乱动。如要乱说乱动,立即取缔,予以制裁。对于人民内部,则实行民主制度,给予言论、集会、结社
等项自由权。选举权,只给人民,不给反动派。这两方面,对人民内部的民主方面和对反动派的专政方面,互相结合起来,就是人民民主专政。”
司法工作者必须将此段文字熟悉。审判应该分清内外和敌友。三敌四友应划分清楚。对人民中间的纠纷和人民的敌人,在处理上应该有所区别,有的干部,对民主专政认识不清,错认“公平”是超阶级的,这是没有领会了毛主席在《论人民民主专政》中的两段话,为了引起我们的深切
注意,有照本宣读一遍的必要。这两段话是:“我们在这方面使用的方法,是民主的即说服的方法,而不是强迫的方法。人民犯了法,也要处罚,也要坐班房,也有死刑,但这是若干个别的情形,和对于反动阶级当作一个阶级的专政来说,有原则的区别。”“对于反动阶级和反动派的人们
,在他们的政权被推翻以后,只要他们不造反,不破坏,不捣乱,也给土地,给工作,让他们活下去,让他们在劳动中改造自己,成为新人。他们如果不愿意劳动,人民的国家就要强迫他们劳动。也对他们做宣传教育工作,并且做得很用心,很充分,像我们对俘虏军官们已经作过的那样。
这也可以说是‘施仁政’罢,但这是我们对于原来是敌对阶级的人们所强迫施行的,和我们对于革命人民内部的自我教育工作不能相提并论”。
有些司法工作人员把“民主”认错了,以为审判也应该民主,一切须由审判员与当事人协商。他们忘记了审判是应该具有强制性的。我们应该多采用说服的方法,但说服不等于协商。无论在民事或刑事案件,审判应该是为了保护对的一方面,保证审判能达到贯彻政策的目的,就必须有
强制性。要实现合乎广大群众最大利益的政策,而要求人民政府没有强制性,这就等于要人民政府在顽抗者面前陷于无能。
为了保证判决的执行,我们应该注意两点:(1)在下判决时应考虑到执行中的一些问题;(2)加强对当事人的说服教育工作。若是在执行时发现判决有不妥当之处,应该从改正判决着手,而不应使执行打折扣。
(二)审判需要掌握政策,这是大家知道的,但在很多案件中,我们事实上不能掌握政策,这是由于我们只看到具体事实,而不知道怎样去和政策联系。这个联系须靠我们对于总的政策的认识。案件虽小,它必须一直联系到总的政策上去。当我们在审判案件时,往往是只顾眼前的具体
事实,而忽略或忘记把握总的政策。所以审判工作者每判决一个案件时,都要深思熟虑合乎具体政策吗?合乎总的政策吗?怎样区别合与不合呢?我以为应当是这样,这样判合乎广大人民的最高利益吗?对生产力的发展有好处或至少没有害处吗?
干部不能掌握政策的原因很多,主要是:(1)受了狭隘的群众观点的限制,只看见眼前的人,而忽视了更大的事情,小资产阶级的温情主义便是如此。如对盗窃的无原则的宽大和对房客的房租问题,总觉少缴更好。可是这样做是否合乎最大多数人的最大利益?便少考虑了。这也是一
种恩赐观点,认为在自己手里的当事人总要给他一点好处。(2)只从静止看问题,不知道应该从发展中看问题,只看到当下的情景,不能从全面考虑发展的前途。(3)头脑不够冷静,易于感情用事。如与当事人顶撞了几句,把自己的威信(实际上是个人面子)看得太重,则易因触怒而
妨碍了冷静地按政策办事。
1950年2月16日